An innovation perspective to climate change adaptation in coffee systems

This review paper responds to the following questions: 1) can existing adaptation options confer useful responses to various degrees of climate change; 2) have certified coffee programs already implemented adaption options; 3) what (additional) implementation steps are required to adapt coffee production to climate change; and 4) which social-institutional changes are additionally required to enable smallholders to adapt to climate change at farm and landscape scales. The paper starts with a short review on the effectiveness of adaptation measures for climate change adaptation at farm and landscape scale and we evaluate the extent to which existing certification criteria provide opportunities for climate adaptation. Then describe possible implementation steps using the technical innovation system framework. Finally, is discussed the implementation of adaptation options in relation to possible social-institutional changes that might be required