Developing learning systems for addressing uncertainty in farming, food and environment: what has changed in recent times?

In this paper, the authors, who have worked on developing learning systems in a range of agricultural and environmental contexts since the 1980s, take a long-term look at what has changed over the years and what may need to change in future. They consider how theories and practices have changed and their influences on each other. Through reflecting on their experiences of learning systems (including those of running PhD courses for researchers alongside the International Farming Systems Association (IFSA) symposia) was reviewed the needs for systems thinking in practice (STiP) and some of the responses to these needs